东华大学学报(社会科学版)

新疆洋海墓地出土的97件复合弓为研究古代弓箭技术史提供了重要线索。本研究通过基础观察、三维重建及类型学分析，完善了洋海复合弓的分类体系，纠正了对样本ⅠM57∶3与ⅠM185∶3的误判，将其归为层压型复合弓残段，并揭示了样本表面的规则划痕、胶痕和极端弯曲等工艺特征，表明洋海弓匠已掌握精细化粘贴与切削技术。新增的ⅢM44系列残段呈现了洋海晚期层压复合弓的结构特征，与87M∶152的结构对应关系，反映了洋海复合弓从小型材料多段集束拼接向中型材料整体层压的技术转变。本研究构建的3式13子型分类框架显示了洋海复合弓的技术演进情况，即Ⅰ式复合弓以一曲、多曲的不对称弓体为特征，采用筋—木—角，以大型材料组成层压结构，说明洋海早期处于复合弓的工艺探索阶段；Ⅱ式发展为五曲∑状弓体，融合层压与四向围合工艺，复杂的结构标志洋海进入复合弓技术的鼎盛阶段；Ⅲ式回归对称反曲设计，弓臂部位整合了角片，材料的集约和储能效率的提升说明洋海复合弓进入成熟化阶段。研究表明，青铜箭镞的普及可能导致整箭配重激增，复合弓技术则通过结构优化与反曲设计显著提升了弹性储能，满足了适配重箭的需求。洋海复合弓多元的技术生态印证了技术演进的非线性特征，其集束与层压相结合的工艺与多段、多曲的反曲形态兼具本土适应性与丝绸之路技术交融的特质，为探究欧亚复合弓技术起源、传播及文化互动提供了新线索。

A total of 97 compound bows were unearthed in Xinjiang Yanghai Cemetery, which are of high research value. In this study, through observation, three-dimensional model construction and typology research, the classification of Yanghai composite bow was improved. The two composite bows I M57∶3 and I M185∶3 were studied, and it was found that they were laminated structures with regular scratches and glue marks on the surface, and these composite bows were also characterized by excessive bending. The four compound bows unearthed from tomb M44 are laminated bows of the late Yanghai period, which can correspond to the components of 87M∶152 compound bows. In this study, all compound bows unearthed in Yanghai Cemetery were divided into 3 types, including 13 subtypes. The curvature of the Type Ⅰ composite bow is small and the arm lengths of them are inconsistent. This composite bow is made of wood, horns and tendons. The Type Ⅱ composite bow is 5 bends and with a shape similar to ∑. This composite bow has two structures, one is composed of several sections of material superimposed, the other is composed of several sections of material cluster. The structure of the Type Ⅱ composite bow is very complex, indicating that the technology was very advanced at that time. The structure of the Type Ⅲ composite bow becomes simpler, made of several longer materials stacked together, but it performs very well. The study also found that bronze arrows increased the weight of arrows, so it was necessary to improve the structure of the compound bow. Influenced by local and foreign technology, there are many types and structures of composite bows unearthed from the Yanghai Cemetery. This suggests that ancient Yanghai people had technical exchanges with people from other regions.